Vat photopolymerisation 3D printing of graphene-based materials

Additive manufacturing has revolutionised the production of intricate and complex structures, offering numerous applications across diverse industries. Among the additive manufacturing techniques, VAT photopolymerisation (VP) is a promising method for fabricating intricate structures with smooth surface finishes. However, the inherent limitations of 3D printed structures, such as compromised mechanical strength and conductivity, necessitate the incorporation of filler materials. Graphene, a remarkable two-dimensional carbon material renowned for its exceptional mechanical and electrical properties, emerges as a highly desirable filler of various applications. The review addresses the critical parameters that affect the quality and properties of graphene composites fabricated using VP, including the choice of photopolymer resin, exposure parameters, and pre and post-processing techniques. It also explores the functionalisation of graphene materials, multi-material printing and hybrid composite systems. The resulting graphene composites find applications in various fields, including electronics, aerospace, biomedicine and energy storage. This review presents a comprehensive survey of these applications, highlighting the unique advantages of VP-derived graphene composites. The challenges and future prospects in the field of VP for graphene composites are discussed. These encompass improving printability, achieving enhanced graphene dispersion, and exploring novel hybrid materials and innovative applications.