TY - JOUR
T1 - Transmission of trace metals from fuels to soot particles
T2 - An ICP-MS and soot nanostructural disorder study using diesel and diesel/Karanja biodiesel blend
AU - Morajkar, Pranay P.
AU - Abdrabou, Moataz K.
AU - Raj, Abhijeet
AU - Elkadi, Mirella
AU - Stephen, Sasi
AU - Ibrahim Ali, Mohamed
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support received from Khalifa University of Science & Technology ( CIRA-2018-99 ) U.A.E and instrumental facilities support of Goa University, India (via DST/IMRCD/INNO-INDIGO/BioCFD/2017(G)) in order to accomplish this work. This publication is based upon work supported by the Khalifa University of Science and Technology under Award No. RC2-2018-024 .
Funding Information:
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support received from Khalifa University of Science & Technology (CIRA-2018-99) U.A.E and instrumental facilities support of Goa University, India (via DST/IMRCD/INNO-INDIGO/BioCFD/2017(G)) in order to accomplish this work. This publication is based upon work supported by the Khalifa University of Science and Technology under Award No. RC2-2018-024.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2020/11/15
Y1 - 2020/11/15
N2 - Despite benefits of biodiesel such as reduced soot emissions and enhanced combustion efficiency, it enhances NOx emissions and may emit toxic trace metals that are present in biomass. This investigation focuses on the transmission of trace metals from fuels (diesel, Karanja biodiesel, and diesel/biodiesel blend) to soots generated from them. The study finds that the addition of 20% Karanja-biodiesel to diesel enhances the transmission of toxic metals such as Zn, Sr, Cs, and Pb to soot by normalized factors, defined as the ratio of the transmission rate from diesel to its soot (%) and the transmission rate from blended fuel to its soot (%), of 17, 7, 58 and 3, respectively, as compared to diesel. Although Cu and Fe were dominant metals in diesel and its soot, their transmission from fuel to soot was only 0.09%, suggesting a preferential selectivity of some metals such as Zn, Sr, Cs, and Pb or the catalytic effects of some metals such as Fe and Cu on soot surface. The nanostructural investigation of soot using HRTEM, XRD, and Raman analyses confirm that the addition of Karanja biodiesel to diesel induces structural disorders in soot such as higher fringe tortuosity, shorter fringe length, and smaller primary particle diameter than diesel soot that enhance its reactivity and possibly the trapping efficiency of metals. A combination of greater degree of metal transmission from Karanja biodiesel-blended diesel fuel to soot and the increased nanostructural disorder and reactivity makes soot from such blend potentially more hazardous than diesel soot.
AB - Despite benefits of biodiesel such as reduced soot emissions and enhanced combustion efficiency, it enhances NOx emissions and may emit toxic trace metals that are present in biomass. This investigation focuses on the transmission of trace metals from fuels (diesel, Karanja biodiesel, and diesel/biodiesel blend) to soots generated from them. The study finds that the addition of 20% Karanja-biodiesel to diesel enhances the transmission of toxic metals such as Zn, Sr, Cs, and Pb to soot by normalized factors, defined as the ratio of the transmission rate from diesel to its soot (%) and the transmission rate from blended fuel to its soot (%), of 17, 7, 58 and 3, respectively, as compared to diesel. Although Cu and Fe were dominant metals in diesel and its soot, their transmission from fuel to soot was only 0.09%, suggesting a preferential selectivity of some metals such as Zn, Sr, Cs, and Pb or the catalytic effects of some metals such as Fe and Cu on soot surface. The nanostructural investigation of soot using HRTEM, XRD, and Raman analyses confirm that the addition of Karanja biodiesel to diesel induces structural disorders in soot such as higher fringe tortuosity, shorter fringe length, and smaller primary particle diameter than diesel soot that enhance its reactivity and possibly the trapping efficiency of metals. A combination of greater degree of metal transmission from Karanja biodiesel-blended diesel fuel to soot and the increased nanostructural disorder and reactivity makes soot from such blend potentially more hazardous than diesel soot.
KW - Crystal disorder
KW - ICP-MS
KW - Karanja biodiesel
KW - Metals transmission
KW - Soot Nanostructure
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85087781443&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118631
DO - 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118631
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85087781443
SN - 0016-2361
VL - 280
JO - Fuel
JF - Fuel
M1 - 118631
ER -
