TY - JOUR
T1 - Techno-economic assessment of energy storage systems in green buildings while considering demand uncertainty
AU - Chadly, Assia
AU - Rajeevkumar Urs, Rahul
AU - Wei, Max
AU - Maalouf, Maher
AU - Mayyas, Ahmad
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 The Author(s)
PY - 2023/7/15
Y1 - 2023/7/15
N2 - Energy storage systems (ESSs) were introduced to overcome the risks posed by energy curtailment. In this paper, we compare the Levelized cost of storage (LCOS) for PEM Reversible Fuel Cells, Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, and Lithium-Ion Batteries in three different locations in the United States (Tucson, Seattle, and Rochester) that are characterized by different energy consumption profiles. This research examines three commercial buildings of different sizes: small, medium, and large, with three occupancy profiles: low, medium, and high energy consumption in each of the three locations. The objective is to quantify the impact of uncertain demand and uncertain financial parameters on the LCOS. The results show that all ESSs can represent an attractive alternative to energy curtailment regardless of the building size or the occupancy profile. Further, the results show that fuel cells are a better fit for demand uncertainty as they are more resilient to changes and remain attractive despite that. The uncertainty analysis showed that the minimum LCOS was $0.049/kWh, and it was for a PEM-RFC in a small building in Tucson under high energy consumption behavior. Oppositely, the maximum LCOS was $0.679/kWh, and that was for a large building in Seattle under high energy usage occupancy as well.
AB - Energy storage systems (ESSs) were introduced to overcome the risks posed by energy curtailment. In this paper, we compare the Levelized cost of storage (LCOS) for PEM Reversible Fuel Cells, Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, and Lithium-Ion Batteries in three different locations in the United States (Tucson, Seattle, and Rochester) that are characterized by different energy consumption profiles. This research examines three commercial buildings of different sizes: small, medium, and large, with three occupancy profiles: low, medium, and high energy consumption in each of the three locations. The objective is to quantify the impact of uncertain demand and uncertain financial parameters on the LCOS. The results show that all ESSs can represent an attractive alternative to energy curtailment regardless of the building size or the occupancy profile. Further, the results show that fuel cells are a better fit for demand uncertainty as they are more resilient to changes and remain attractive despite that. The uncertainty analysis showed that the minimum LCOS was $0.049/kWh, and it was for a PEM-RFC in a small building in Tucson under high energy consumption behavior. Oppositely, the maximum LCOS was $0.679/kWh, and that was for a large building in Seattle under high energy usage occupancy as well.
KW - Energy storage
KW - Li-ion batteries
KW - Reversible fuel cells
KW - Simulation
KW - Uncertainty analysis
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85162243302&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113130
DO - 10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113130
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85162243302
SN - 0378-7788
VL - 291
JO - Energy and Buildings
JF - Energy and Buildings
M1 - 113130
ER -