TY - JOUR
T1 - Synthesis of biodiesel from non-edible (Brachychiton populneus) oil in the presence of nickel oxide nanocatalyst
T2 - Parametric and optimisation studies
AU - Dawood, Sumreen
AU - Koyande, Apurav Krishna
AU - Ahmad, Mushtaq
AU - Mubashir, Muhammad
AU - Asif, Saira
AU - Klemeš, Jiří Jaromír
AU - Bokhari, Awais
AU - Saqib, Sidra
AU - Lee, Moonyong
AU - Qyyum, Muhammad Abdul
AU - Show, Pau Loke
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors would like to acknowledge the support from the project “Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory – SPIL” funded by EU CZ Operational Programme Research and Development, Education, Priority1: Strengthening capacity for quality research (Grant No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/15_003/000045). Authors duly acknowledge the Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, University of Nottingham, Malaysia, Yeungnam University, Republic of Korea and COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Lahore Campus for the analytical characterisation facilities.
Funding Information:
The authors would like to acknowledge the support from the project “Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory – SPIL” funded by EU CZ Operational Programme Research and Development, Education , Priority1: Strengthening capacity for quality research (Grant No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/15_003/000045 ). Authors duly acknowledge the Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, University of Nottingham, Malaysia, Yeungnam University, Republic of Korea and COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Lahore Campus for the analytical characterisation facilities.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2021/9
Y1 - 2021/9
N2 - The present study defines a novel green method for the synthesis of the nickel oxide nanocatalyst by using an aqueous latex extract of the Ficus elastic. The catalyst was examined for the conversion of novel Brachychiton populneus seed oil (BPSO) into biodiesel. The Brachychiton populneus seeds have a higher oil content (41 wt%) and free fatty acid value (3.8 mg KOH/g). The synthesised green nanocatalyst was examined by the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX) spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The obtained results show that the synthesised green nanocatalyst was 22–26 nm in diameter and spherical-cubic in shape with a higher rate of catalytic efficiency. It was utilised further for the conversion of BPSO into biofuel. Due to the high free fatty acid value, the biodiesel was synthesised by the two-step process, i.e., pretreatment of the BPSO by means of acid esterification and then followed by the transesterification reaction. The acidic catalyst (H2SO4) was used for the pretreatment of BPSO. The optimum condition for the transesterification of the pretreated BPSO was 1:9 of oil-methanol molar ratio, 2.5 wt % of prepared nanocatalyst concentration and 85 °C of reaction temperature corresponding to the highest biodiesel yield of 97.5 wt%. The synthesised biodiesel was analysed by the FT-IR and GC-MS technique to determine the chemical composition of fatty acid methyl esters. Fuel properties of Brachychiton populneus seed oil biodiesel (BPSOB) were also examined, compared, and it falls in the prescribed range of ASTM standards.
AB - The present study defines a novel green method for the synthesis of the nickel oxide nanocatalyst by using an aqueous latex extract of the Ficus elastic. The catalyst was examined for the conversion of novel Brachychiton populneus seed oil (BPSO) into biodiesel. The Brachychiton populneus seeds have a higher oil content (41 wt%) and free fatty acid value (3.8 mg KOH/g). The synthesised green nanocatalyst was examined by the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX) spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The obtained results show that the synthesised green nanocatalyst was 22–26 nm in diameter and spherical-cubic in shape with a higher rate of catalytic efficiency. It was utilised further for the conversion of BPSO into biofuel. Due to the high free fatty acid value, the biodiesel was synthesised by the two-step process, i.e., pretreatment of the BPSO by means of acid esterification and then followed by the transesterification reaction. The acidic catalyst (H2SO4) was used for the pretreatment of BPSO. The optimum condition for the transesterification of the pretreated BPSO was 1:9 of oil-methanol molar ratio, 2.5 wt % of prepared nanocatalyst concentration and 85 °C of reaction temperature corresponding to the highest biodiesel yield of 97.5 wt%. The synthesised biodiesel was analysed by the FT-IR and GC-MS technique to determine the chemical composition of fatty acid methyl esters. Fuel properties of Brachychiton populneus seed oil biodiesel (BPSOB) were also examined, compared, and it falls in the prescribed range of ASTM standards.
KW - Biodiesel
KW - Brachychiton populneus seed oil
KW - Green NiO nanocatalyst
KW - Latex extract
KW - Pretreatment
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85103752571&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130469
DO - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130469
M3 - Article
C2 - 33839393
AN - SCOPUS:85103752571
SN - 0045-6535
VL - 278
JO - Chemosphere
JF - Chemosphere
M1 - 130469
ER -