@article{b4460a30873b4a3e8cb985106a3c1f2c,
title = "Selective oxidation of amaranth dye in soft drinks through tin oxide decorated reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite based electrochemical sensor",
abstract = "The recent studies evaluated the extensive exploitation of azo dyes as food colorant to improve the texture of food to turn the food to be very attractive. The heavy consumption of the food colorants by the food industries in commonly consumed beverages especially in the soft drinks may become the cause of certain suspected diseases. Amaranth is an azo dye which easily cleaved into amines and is suspected to be mutagen and carcinogen. Thus, the quantification of amaranth through reliable and sensitive sensor is of great importance. The SnO2/rGO nanocomposite has been engineered to be utilized as chemically modified sensor for the low-level quantification of amaranth in soft drinks and water sample. The fabricated nanocomposite materials was characterized through XRD, FTIR, raman and TEM tools which revealed average crystalline size of 23.7 nm, different surface functionalities and internal rectangle shaped morphology. The engineered nanocomposite was electrochemically characterized through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Tafel plot to evaluate the electrocatalytic properties and charger transfer kinetics of SnO2/rGO/Nafion/GCE. The resistance of bare, GO/GCE and SnO2/rGO/Nafion/GCE was calculated as 812.5 Ω, 1343 Ω and 338 Ω. Certain parameters were optimized such as PBS electrolyte pH 6, scan rate 130 mV/s and potential window (0.4–1.2 V) to carry out sensitive and fluent determination process of amaranth azo dye. For the effectiveness of proposed sensor two calibration ranges were optimized from 1 to 800 nM and 1–60 μM. The LOD for both ranges were calculated as 0.68 nM and 0.0027 μM. Moreover, the anti-interference and stability profile of developed sensor were found phenomenal that suggest the exceptional electrocatalytic performance of SnO2/rGO/Nafion/GCE for amaranth.",
keywords = "Amaranth, Azo dye, Electrochemical sensor, Food colorant, Graphene oxide, SnO/rGO/Nafion/GCE, soft drinks, Tin oxide",
author = "Buledi, {Jamil A.} and Solangi, {Amber R.} and Ali Hyder and Khand, {Nadir H.} and Memon, {Saba A.} and Arfana Mallah and Nasrullah Mahar and Dragoi, {Elena Niculina} and Pau Show and Marzyeh Behzadpour and Hassan Karimi-Maleh",
note = "Funding Information: All the chemicals used in this experiment were ultra-pure and used without further purification. Graphite powder, Sodium nitrate (NaNO3), Tin chloride Penta hydrate (SnCl2.5H2O), potassium permanganate (KMnO₄), nitric Acid (HNO3), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), hydrochloric Acid (HCl), ascorbic acid, sodium Chloride, potassium chloride, potassium hydroxide, hydrazine and ethanol were purchased from the Sigma-Aldrich (Germany). Moreover, the amaranth, bisphenol A, Tartrazine, bisphenol S, and 4-aminophenol was purchased from (Merck Germany). A 0.1 M solution of phosphate buffer used as supporting electrolyte for the sensitive determination of amaranth dye. The 0.1 M solutions of HCL and M solution of NaOH was used to adjust the pH of supporting electrolyte.To examine the effectiveness of bare and modified electrodes for the sensitive determination of amaranth (AM), the bare, GO/GCE and SnO2/rGO/Nafion/GCE were exploited in 1 μM of AM at scan rate of 130 mV/s, PBS electrolyte pH 6.The potential window for the AM was optimized from 0.4 to 1.2 V. Amongst, different electrodes the SnO2/rGO/Nafion/GCE manifested exceptional anodic peak current (Ipa) response for AM at even low concentration. The enhanced Ipa response clearly suggest the outstanding electrocatalytic behavior of SnO2/rGO/Nafion/GCE towards AM. The Ipa response of AM at bare, GO/GCE and SnO2/rGO/Nafion/GCE are displayed in Fig. 4(a). To investigate the effectiveness and capability of the electrodes each experiment was repeated four time (n = 4) which are also highlighted in error bars. Moreover, In electrochemistry there is great role of electrolytes which provide an effective medium to the analyte to be quantified very easily. The electrolyte either acidic or basic nature have crucial role in the determination of analytes, without the electrolytes the detection process may fluctuate and the analyte may not respond accordingly (Buledi et al., 2021c; Memon et al., 2020). Thus, to examine the effect of electrolyte on the Ipa response of AM, different supporting mediums such as acetate pH 4, borate pH 9, NaOH pH 12 and phosphate (PBS) pH 6. The Ipa response of AM in different electrolytic mediums with number of repeated experiments (n = 4) are shown in Fig. 4(b). By exploiting different electrolytic mediums, it was observed that the better and enhanced Ipa response of AM was monitored in PBS pH 6. A little acidic medium favored the electrochemical determination of AM. While extreme acidic or basic mediums were unable to provide a better Ipa response of AM. Thus, by observing the electrolytic based Ipa responses of AM, the PBS electrolyte was selected for the pH studies.We are highly thankful to Higher Education Commission of Pakistan for providing the financial support through Indigenous Ph.D fellowship for 5000 scholarship (Phase II Batch VI). Funding Information: We are highly thankful to Higher Education Commission of Pakistan for providing the financial support through Indigenous Ph.D fellowship for 5000 scholarship (Phase II Batch VI). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 Elsevier Ltd",
year = "2022",
month = jul,
doi = "10.1016/j.fct.2022.113177",
language = "British English",
volume = "165",
journal = "Food and Chemical Toxicology",
issn = "0278-6915",
publisher = "Elsevier Ltd",
}