Review on exsolution and its driving forces in perovskites

Exsolution is a promising method to design metal nanoparticles for electrocatalysis and renewable energy. Metal nanoparticles exsolved from perovskite oxide lattices have been utilized as catalysts in many energy fields because of their high durability and excellent electro-catalytic properties. Although this method has received much attention in recent years, a comprehensive understanding is still lacking because of difficulties in finding a rational combination of driving forces and perovskite supports. Thus, the aim of our work here is to recapitulate the principles of exsolution and collect various exsolution studies by categorizing the driving forces of exsolution and the structural characteristics of perovskite supports. These classifications provide guidelines for selecting suitable materials groups and remodeling existing materials, thereby exploring applications of catalysts using exsolution that are applicable to academic and industrial fields.