Review of tropical cyclones impacting the Western Arabian Sea and Oman

Tropical cyclones (TCs) are major natural disasters that can cause significant damage and loss of life in coastal areas. Arabian Sea has experienced many such TCs, with varying degrees of severity. These TCs are associated with heavy rainfall, flash floods, and make significant damage to infrastructure, society, and the environment. A range of factors influence cyclones in the Arabian Sea including sea surface temperatures, ocean currents, eddy activity, the position of the monsoon jet axis, and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). The frequency of these TCs has already increased due to rising sea surface temperatures and changes in wind patterns. Researchers have conducted extensive studies in the region to better understand tropical cyclones and their impacts, focusing on sea surface cooling, air–sea interactions, and the effects of climate change. By studying these TCs over several decades, trends and patterns can be identified, contributing to the development of more accurate forecasting models and early warning systems to better prepare for future events. This paper reviews the history, track patterns, biological and physical impacts, numerical modelling, and future trends of tropical cyclones in the Western Arabian Sea, with the aim of supporting policymakers in developing more effective strategies for mitigating the impacts of future TCs.