Recent progress of MXene synthesis, properties, microelectrode fabrication techniques for microsupercapacitors and microbatteries energy storage devices and integration: A comprehensive review

Efficient miniature energy storage systems are becoming increasingly necessary as a result of the rapid development of smaller electronics, particularly portable devices. Because of their higher power density and longer cycle lifetime, small-scale electrochemical energy storage microsupercapacitors (MSCs) and high-energy density microbatteries (MCBs) are considered alternative solutions to the energy supply unit for microelectronics; however, these devices suffer from their own limitations consistent with electrode and electrolyte combinations. Given the recent strides in cutting-edge MSCs and MCBs boasting remarkable energy and power densities, the emerging category of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbonitrides, nitrides, and carbides, referred to as MXenes, has demonstrated notable promise. 2D MXenes are the best electrode materials for MSCs and MCBs owing to their exceptional electrical conductivities, high redox activities, pseudocapacitive characteristics, and outstanding mechanical properties. In this review, the current progress in 2D MXene synthesis methods, including bottom-up and top-down methods, the properties of the synthesized MXenes, microelectrode fabrication techniques for MSCs and MCBs, electrochemical parameters, and its integration for self-powered devices are summarized. Furthermore, the challenges and prospective outlooks are discussed.