Recent developments in physical, biological, chemical, and hybrid treatment techniques for removing emerging contaminants from wastewater

S. F. Ahmed, M. Mofijur, Samiha Nuzhat, Anika Tasnim Chowdhury, Nazifa Rafa, Md Alhaz Uddin, Abrar Inayat, T. M.I. Mahlia, Hwai Chyuan Ong, Wen Yi Chia, Pau Loke Show

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430 Scopus citations

Abstract

Emerging contaminants (ECs) in wastewater have recently attracted the attention of researchers as they pose significant risks to human health and wildlife. This paper presents the state-of-art technologies used to remove ECs from wastewater through a comprehensive review. It also highlights the challenges faced by existing EC removal technologies in wastewater treatment plants and provides future research directions. Many treatment technologies like biological, chemical, and physical approaches have been advanced for removing various ECs. However, currently, no individual technology can effectively remove ECs, whereas hybrid systems have often been found to be more efficient. A hybrid technique of ozonation accompanied by activated carbon was found significantly effective in removing some ECs, particularly pharmaceuticals and pesticides. Despite the lack of extensive research, nanotechnology may be a promising approach as nanomaterial incorporated technologies have shown potential in removing different contaminants from wastewater. Nevertheless, most existing technologies are highly energy and resource-intensive as well as costly to maintain and operate. Besides, most proposed advanced treatment technologies are yet to be evaluated for large-scale practicality. Complemented with techno-economic feasibility studies of the treatment techniques, comprehensive research and development are therefore necessary to achieve a full and effective removal of ECs by wastewater treatment plants.

Original languageBritish English
Article number125912
JournalJournal of Hazardous Materials
Volume416
DOIs
StatePublished - 15 Aug 2021

Keywords

  • Activated sludge
  • Effluents
  • Nanotechnology
  • Pollutants
  • Wastewater treatment techniques

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