Optimal siting and sizing of mobile-static storage mix in distribution systems with high renewable energy resources penetration

By utilizing their spatial flexibility, mobile energy storage systems provide various operation and restoration services for distribution systems. However, in distribution systems with high renewable energy resources penetration, the application of mobile energy storage systems for distribution system operations can jeopardize a few of the advantages of energy storage systems like power variability management, peak demand reduction, ramp rate control, and/or voltage regulation while utilizing their mobile functionality. Hence, to meet operational constraints in distribution systems with mobile energy storage systems, a minimum capacity of static energy storage systems is required. In this paper, an optimization framework is proposed for sizing and siting of a static and a mobile energy storage system. The main objective of the proposed framework is to maximize the distribution system operators profit while minimizing the excepted maximum cost of lost load in the event of external/internal outages. This is achieved by incorporating both mobile and static storage systems. The problem is formulated as a two-level multi-objective optimization model and solved using multi-objective particle swarm optimization. A significant reduction in ramp rate, peak demand, reverse power flow, and energy loss is achieved compared with the mobile energy storage system only case study.