Operational research for sustainability: a synthesis of methods, applications and challenges

This critical review explores the evolving role of Operational Research (OR) in addressing sustainability challenges. It synthesizes key OR methods including optimization, simulation, game theory, multi-criteria decision analysis, and system dynamics, highlighting their utility in managing the complex, multidimensional aspects of sustainable development. Tracing OR’s transition from military and industrial applications to its modern use in environmental management, resource allocation, and policymaking, the article underscores its value in scenario analysis, decision-making, and evaluating trade-offs across economic, environmental, and social dimensions. Drawing on case studies and systematic reviews, the study examines how OR techniques are applied in real-world sustainability contexts. It also investigates emerging trends such as hybrid modeling, integration with big data, and participatory decision frameworks that promote equity and inclusiveness. A critical assessment is made of existing limitations, including data constraints, stakeholder diversity, and methodological complexity. Unlike prior reviews, this article offers a holistic, interdisciplinary approach and proposes a forward-looking research agenda. This agenda centers on four thematic pillars: Methodological Enhancements, Holistic Integration, Stakeholder and Policy Engagement, and Broadening OR Applications. Each pillar is supported by Key Themes that shape objective-setting and the formulation of future research questions, aiming to expand OR’s contributions to sustainable development.