@article{311a6cbe4f9f444bbaeb0e7c87a5a29e,
title = "Multi-scale interactions in a high-resolution tropical-belt experiment and observations",
abstract = "The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used to dynamically downscale 27 years of the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) in a tropical belt configuration at 36 km horizontal grid spacing. WRF is found to give a good rainfall climatology as observed by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and to reproduce well the large-scale circulation and surface radiation fluxes. The impact of conventional and Modoki-type El Ni{\~n}o–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) are confirmed by linear regression. Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) and Boreal Summer Intra-seasonal Oscillation (BSISO) are also well-simulated. The WRF simulation shows that conventional El Ni{\~n}o increases (La Ni{\~n}a decreases) the MJO amplitude in the boreal summer while Modoki-type ENSO and IOD impacts are MJO-phase dependent. While WRF is found to perform well on seasonal to sub-seasonal timescales, it does not capture well the diurnal cycle of precipitation over the Maritime Continent. For the investigation of multi-scale interactions through the local diurnal cycle, TRMM data is used instead. In the Maritime Continent, moderate El Ni{\~n}o and La Ni{\~n}a causes anti-symmetric enhancement/reduction of the MJO{\textquoteright}s influence on the diurnal cycle amplitudes with little change in the diurnal phase. Non-linear impacts on the diurnal amplitude with changes in diurnal phase manifest during strong ENSO. Given that the simulation does not employ data assimilation, this modified version of WRF submitted to the model developers is a suitable downscaling tool of CFSR for sub-seasonal to seasonal tropical atmospheric research.",
author = "Ricardo Fonseca and Koh, {Tieh Yong} and Teo, {Chee Kiat}",
note = "Funding Information: This work comprises Earth Observatory of Singapore contribution no. 174. This research is supported by the National Research Foundation Singapore and the Singapore Ministry of Education under the Research Centres of Excellence initiative. We are very grateful to the High Performance Computing Centre (HPCC) at the Nanyang Technological University (NTU) for providing the computational resources needed to perform the numerical experiments presented in this paper and in particular to Hwee Jin (Melvin) Soh and Seng Tat (Edwin) Tan for their support and assistance. We are thankful to Bob Dattore from the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) for his help in downloading the CFSR data through the Computational & Information Systems Lab Research Data Archive (CISL RDA) website. Special thanks are owed to Brian Hoskins who generously made many constructive suggestions. The WRF code used to produce the 27-year downscaling product presented here is available upon request from the corresponding author. The major modifications made to the WRF code, in particular the precipitating convective cloud (PCC) scheme, have been sent to Jimy Dudhia from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and hopefully will be released in a future version of the model. We would like to thank three anonymous reviewers for their detailed and insightful comments and suggestions that helped to improve the quality of the paper. Funding Information: Acknowledgements This work comprises Earth Observatory of Singapore contribution no. 174. This research is supported by the National Research Foundation Singapore and the Singapore Ministry of Education under the Research Centres of Excellence initiative. We are very grateful to the High Performance Computing Centre (HPCC) at the Nanyang Technological University (NTU) for providing the computational resources needed to perform the numerical experiments presented in this paper and in particular to Hwee Jin (Melvin) Soh and Seng Tat (Edwin) Tan for their support and assistance. We are thankful to Bob Dattore from the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) for his help in downloading the CFSR data through the Computational & Information Systems Lab Research Data Archive (CISL RDA) website. Special thanks are owed to Brian Hoskins who generously made many constructive suggestions. The WRF code used to produce the 27-year downscaling product presented here is available upon request from the corresponding author. The major modifications made to the WRF code, in particular the precipitating convective cloud (PCC) scheme, have been sent to Jimy Dudhia from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and hopefully will be released in a future version of the model. We would like to thank three anonymous reviewers for their detailed and insightful comments and suggestions that helped to improve the quality of the paper. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2018, The Author(s).",
year = "2019",
month = mar,
day = "15",
doi = "10.1007/s00382-018-4332-y",
language = "British English",
volume = "52",
pages = "3503--3532",
journal = "Climate Dynamics",
issn = "0930-7575",
publisher = "Springer Verlag",
number = "5-6",
}