MARS pulmonary spectral molecular imaging: Potential for locating tuberculosis involvement

The aim of the present study is to show that non-invasive MARS imaging can differentiate between infected and healthy pulmonary tissue using an iodine-based contrast agent at high resolution. One C57BL/6J mouse with chronic tuberculosis (TB) was euthanized with CO2 and the pulmonary tissue excised. The TB lungs were incubated in 3% iodine solution. Mouse pulmonary tissue free of TB was also excised and incubated in the iodine solution for control purposes. Calibration of the MARS scanner involved scanning a phantom containing four concentrations of iodine along with water (soft tissue) and lipid (fat). The calibration phantom, control, and TB infected tissue were imaged at four threshold energy levels (20, 27, 34, 45 keV) at a constant 60 kVp tube voltage and 90 μA tube current. Following analysis of the calibration phantom, material decomposition (MD) was applied to the pulmonary tissue samples and iodine to obtain material images. MARS Vision software was used to visualize the materials to produce 3D material images. TB granulomas are visible within the lung lobes due to the iodine uptake. The amount of iodine uptake can be measured in mg by analysis of the material images using MARS Vision. MARS imaging was able to better differentiate between infected and healthy tissue. The present study demonstrated non-invasive, photon-counting CT is capable of differentiating between infected and healthy tissue. Future studies will consider development of TB markers, or drug markers labelled with gold nanoparticles, to enhance the understanding of the basic biology and mechanisms underpinning TB, and its relevance to the phenomenon of persistence in the infected host during therapy.