Integrated Microfluidic Technologies for Circulating Tumor Cells Detection in Biological Matrices

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are vital for understanding cancer metastasis and are significant biomarkers for early detection, prognosis, and monitoring treatment responses. Conventional approaches for separating and analyzing CTCs, including immunoaffinity techniques and centrifugation, often encounter issues related to efficiency, sensitivity, and scalability. Microfluidic systems have recently surfaced as plausible solutions to these challenges by offering improved precision, automation, and integration capabilities. This review highlights recent advances in microfluidic approaches for CTC separation and analysis, including innovations in microchannel fabrication, label-based and label-free isolation techniques, and different detection approaches like optical, electrochemical, and single-cell analysis. Additionally, the review explores the potential of these integrated microfluidic platforms in personalized medicine, focusing on drug sensitivity testing and optimizing targeted therapies. By highlighting these emerging trends, the paper aims to demonstrate the significant impact of microfluidics on CTC research and its implications for enhancing cancer diagnostics and treatment strategies.