Insights into graphene wettability transparency by locally probing its surface free energy

In this work, we study the surface energy of monolayer, bilayer and multilayer graphene coatings, produced through exfoliation of natural graphite flakes and chemical vapor deposition. We employ bimodal atomic force microscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy for high spatial resolution and large area scanning of force of adhesion on the regions of the graphene/SiO₂ surface with different graphene layers. Our measurements show that the interface conditions between graphene and SiO₂ dominate the experimentally observed graphene surface energy. This finding sheds new light on the controversy surrounding graphene transparency studies. By separating the surface energy into polar and non-polar interactions, our findings suggest that monolayer graphene is nearly van der Waals opaque but partially transparent (near 60%) to polar interactions, which is further supported by characterizing graphene on the copper surface and two levels of density functional theory simulation. In addition to providing quantitative insight into the surface interactions of complicated graphene coatings, this work demonstrates a new route to nondestructively monitor the interface between graphene and coated substrates.