Fouling in Reverse Osmosis Desalination: Emphasis on Composite Fouling and Coprecipitation

This review explores the underlying principles governing single precipitation and coprecipitation fouling phenomena. Membrane fouling is a complex challenge with profound implications for membrane-based processes. The primary attention of membrane researchers is often directed toward investigating the impact of individual foulants on the performance of membrane processes despite the presence of several foulants in practical applications. It is essential to recognize the significance of coprecipitation of sparingly soluble salts and their composites with other types of fouling, especially biofouling, as they have considerable impacts on the kinetic and thermodynamics of the formation of fouling components. In summary, this review describes the insights into the principles of single and coprecipitation fouling, as well as the interactions between precipitation fouling and other fouling types in composite systems. It emphasizes the importance of studying such phenomena for more accurate prediction of membrane fouling and the development of fouling mitigation strategies.