Evaluation of Battery Swapping Stations (BSS) with PV Assist for High Electric Vehicle Penetration

Battery recharging is an essential aspect of integration of Electric Vehicle (EVs) into the transportation framework. So far, charging stations have been considered as the primary source for recharging EVs. However, a significant time is is taken at the charging station to recharge a single EV. This problem is addressed by Battery Swapping Stations (BSS) that allow for swapping a depleted battery (DB) with a charged battery (CB). As with charging stations, the participating entities remain to be the grid, the aggregator, service station(s) and the EV owner. However, a variation exists in their interaction. In this work, a scheduling management scheme is presented for an aggregator to maximize its profit while managing BSS in a densely populated area. Furthermore, this has been explored for a varying number of requests. Furthermore, a PV assist has also been considered for BSS, where the depleted batteries may be charged through the PV assist. In both cases, with and without penalty for unscheduled EVs, in the case of no PV assist and with PV assist, results indicated that maximum profit was observed in the case of PV assist. Furthermore, more batteries were found to be available for swapping in the case with PV assist.