Enzyme‐loaded flower‐shaped nanomaterials: A versatile platform with biosensing, biocatalytic, and environmental promise

Khadega A. Al‐maqdi, Muhammad Bilal, Ahmed Alzamly, Hafiz M.N. Iqbal, Iltaf Shah, Syed Salman Ashraf

Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review

37 Scopus citations

Abstract

As a result of their unique structural and multifunctional characteristics, organic–inorganic hybrid nanoflowers (hNFs), a newly developed class of flower‐like, well‐structured and well-oriented materials has gained significant attention. The structural attributes along with the surface-engineered functional entities of hNFs, e.g., their size, shape, surface orientation, structural integrity, stability under reactive environments, enzyme stabilizing capability, and organic–inorganic ratio, all significantly contribute to and determine their applications. Although hNFs are still in their infancy and in the early stage of robust development, the recent hike in biotechnology at large and nanotechnology in particular is making hNFs a versatile platform for constructing enzyme-loaded/immobilized structures for different applications. For instance, detection‐ and sensing‐based applications, environmental‐ and sustainability‐based applications, and biocatalytic and biotrans-formation applications are of supreme interest. Considering the above points, herein we reviewed current advances in multifunctional hNFs, with particular emphasis on (1) critical factors, (2) different metal/non‐metal‐based synthesizing processes (i.e., (i) copper‐based hNFs, (ii) calcium‐based hNFs, (iii) manganese‐based hNFs, (iv) zinc‐based hNFs, (v) cobalt‐based hNFs, (vi) iron‐based hNFs, (vii) multi‐metal‐based hNFs, and (viii) non‐metal‐based hNFs), and (3) their applications. Moreover, the interfacial mechanism involved in hNF development is also discussed considering the following three critical points: (1) the combination of metal ions and organic matter, (2) petal formation, and (3) the generation of hNFs. In summary, the literature given herein could be used to engineer hNFs for multipurpose applications in the biosensing, biocatalysis, and other environmental sectors.

Original languageBritish English
Article number1460
JournalNanomaterials
Volume11
Issue number6
DOIs
StatePublished - Jun 2021

Keywords

  • Biosensing cues
  • Biosynthesis
  • Bio‐catalysis
  • Hybrid nanoflowers
  • Influencing factors

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