TY - JOUR
T1 - Enzyme‐loaded flower‐shaped nanomaterials
T2 - A versatile platform with biosensing, biocatalytic, and environmental promise
AU - Al‐maqdi, Khadega A.
AU - Bilal, Muhammad
AU - Alzamly, Ahmed
AU - Iqbal, Hafiz M.N.
AU - Shah, Iltaf
AU - Ashraf, Syed Salman
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors are thankful to their representative universities for supplying funds for this work. Partial funding for K.A.A. was allocated by the PhD fund (no. 31S389 to I.S.) from the College of Graduate Studies, UAE University. Generous support from Khalifa University to S.S.A. (CIRA‐2020‐046) is also graciously acknowledged. Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) is thankfully acknowledged for partially supporting this work under the Sistema Nacional de Investigadores (SNI) program awarded to Hafiz M. N. Iqbal (CVU: 735340).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2021/6
Y1 - 2021/6
N2 - As a result of their unique structural and multifunctional characteristics, organic–inorganic hybrid nanoflowers (hNFs), a newly developed class of flower‐like, well‐structured and well-oriented materials has gained significant attention. The structural attributes along with the surface-engineered functional entities of hNFs, e.g., their size, shape, surface orientation, structural integrity, stability under reactive environments, enzyme stabilizing capability, and organic–inorganic ratio, all significantly contribute to and determine their applications. Although hNFs are still in their infancy and in the early stage of robust development, the recent hike in biotechnology at large and nanotechnology in particular is making hNFs a versatile platform for constructing enzyme-loaded/immobilized structures for different applications. For instance, detection‐ and sensing‐based applications, environmental‐ and sustainability‐based applications, and biocatalytic and biotrans-formation applications are of supreme interest. Considering the above points, herein we reviewed current advances in multifunctional hNFs, with particular emphasis on (1) critical factors, (2) different metal/non‐metal‐based synthesizing processes (i.e., (i) copper‐based hNFs, (ii) calcium‐based hNFs, (iii) manganese‐based hNFs, (iv) zinc‐based hNFs, (v) cobalt‐based hNFs, (vi) iron‐based hNFs, (vii) multi‐metal‐based hNFs, and (viii) non‐metal‐based hNFs), and (3) their applications. Moreover, the interfacial mechanism involved in hNF development is also discussed considering the following three critical points: (1) the combination of metal ions and organic matter, (2) petal formation, and (3) the generation of hNFs. In summary, the literature given herein could be used to engineer hNFs for multipurpose applications in the biosensing, biocatalysis, and other environmental sectors.
AB - As a result of their unique structural and multifunctional characteristics, organic–inorganic hybrid nanoflowers (hNFs), a newly developed class of flower‐like, well‐structured and well-oriented materials has gained significant attention. The structural attributes along with the surface-engineered functional entities of hNFs, e.g., their size, shape, surface orientation, structural integrity, stability under reactive environments, enzyme stabilizing capability, and organic–inorganic ratio, all significantly contribute to and determine their applications. Although hNFs are still in their infancy and in the early stage of robust development, the recent hike in biotechnology at large and nanotechnology in particular is making hNFs a versatile platform for constructing enzyme-loaded/immobilized structures for different applications. For instance, detection‐ and sensing‐based applications, environmental‐ and sustainability‐based applications, and biocatalytic and biotrans-formation applications are of supreme interest. Considering the above points, herein we reviewed current advances in multifunctional hNFs, with particular emphasis on (1) critical factors, (2) different metal/non‐metal‐based synthesizing processes (i.e., (i) copper‐based hNFs, (ii) calcium‐based hNFs, (iii) manganese‐based hNFs, (iv) zinc‐based hNFs, (v) cobalt‐based hNFs, (vi) iron‐based hNFs, (vii) multi‐metal‐based hNFs, and (viii) non‐metal‐based hNFs), and (3) their applications. Moreover, the interfacial mechanism involved in hNF development is also discussed considering the following three critical points: (1) the combination of metal ions and organic matter, (2) petal formation, and (3) the generation of hNFs. In summary, the literature given herein could be used to engineer hNFs for multipurpose applications in the biosensing, biocatalysis, and other environmental sectors.
KW - Biosensing cues
KW - Biosynthesis
KW - Bio‐catalysis
KW - Hybrid nanoflowers
KW - Influencing factors
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85106983805&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/nano11061460
DO - 10.3390/nano11061460
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85106983805
SN - 2079-4991
VL - 11
JO - Nanomaterials
JF - Nanomaterials
IS - 6
M1 - 1460
ER -