@article{29f5f2e603de45e5bdb5411d06cb9135,
title = "Enhanced microalgal lipid production for biofuel using different strategies including genetic modification of microalgae: A review",
abstract = "Microalgae have gained considerable attention as an alternative feedstock for the biofuel production, particularly in combination with genetic modification strategies that target enhanced lipid productivity. To tackle climate change issues, phasing out the usage of fossil fuels is seen as a priority, where the utilization of biofuel from microalgae serves as a potential sustainable energy source for various applications. These photosynthetic microalgae utilize solar energy and carbon dioxide to produce energy-rich compounds (i.e., starch and lipids), that can be further converted into biofuels of different types. Among different types of biofuels, biodiesel from the transesterification of triacylglycerols stands out as the most sustainable replacement of transportation fuel over fossil-based petroleum diesel. However, hurdles such as limited productivity, overall production cost and challenges in upscaling the algal technology leaves a huge gap on the road to commercialized microalgae-based biofuel. This review article first presents a comprehensive overview of imperative knowledge regarding microalgae in terms of algal classification, factors affecting the growth of microalgae during cultivation and different steps in upstream processing. This review also discusses recent advances in downstream processing of microalgal biorefinery. Additionally, this review paper focuses on deliberating various recent strategies of genetic modifications and their feasibility for enhanced lipid productivity in microalgae. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives of microalgae-based biofuels are highlighted in this review discussing several aspects, including sustainability of microalgae-based biofuel production, current status of algae-based industry, risks and legislation considerations of genetic modification of microalgae.",
keywords = "Biofuel, Downstream processing, Genetic modification, Lipid productivity, Microalgae, Triacylglycerols",
author = "Khoo, \{Kuan Shiong\} and Imran Ahmad and Chew, \{Kit Wayne\} and Koji Iwamoto and Amit Bhatnagar and Show, \{Pau Loke\}",
note = "Funding Information: Associate Professor Dr. Koji Iwamota, affiliated to Malaysia–Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Koji Iwamoto is an Associate Professor at the Malaysia–Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, in the department of Environmental Engineering and Green Technology (EGT). He is in charge of the Algae and Biomass Research Laboratory and is working on projects under the auspices of different grants. He obtained his PhD degree from the University of Tsukuba, Japan, and then worked there from 2003 to 2014 as a researcher and associate professor. His areas of interest include, bioengineering, biochemistry, applied microbiology, environmental microbiology, phycology, and plant physiology. He has been working on various microalgal species in recent years, including some novel species having oleaginous and phytoremediation potential. He is also working on acidothermophilic species having the potential to absorb rare metals. He has published papers in peer reviewed and reputed journals. He has also presented papers at international conferences. He has been actively working on the joint degree programme (JDP), which is a collaboration between UTM and UT. Koji Iwamoto was the recipient of the Marine Biotechnology Research Paper Award and the Best Presentation award at the 5th World Fisheries Congress. He also chaired the International Conference on Environmental Science and Green Technology (ICEGT-2022). Funding Information: The authors would like to acknowledge the comments, ideas and years of microalgae-research experience contributed by Algal Bioseparation Research (ABR) and Bioseparation Research team including, Alice Yi Ru Ong, Lim Hooi Ren and Ng Yan Jer throughout the preparation of this manuscript. The authors would also like to acknowledge the support of the recent algae initiative in gathering peers of algae researchers by launching an Algal Biotechnology Consortium (ABC), which is a platform for algae researchers to share, communicate and outreach their algae research with the intention to create sustainable solutions and greener future. This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme, Malaysia [FRGS/1/2019/STG05/UNIM/02/2] and MyPAIR-PHC-Hibiscus Grant [MyPAIR/1/2020/STG05/UNIM/1]. Amit Bhatnagar acknowledges the support of Academy of Finland (grant number 347690). The authors would also like to thank the Editor and all the anonymous reviewers for providing their insightful comments and suggestions to improve the quality of this work. Funding Information: Dr. Imran Ahmad , affiliated to MJIIT, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Imran Ahmad is a Post-Doctoral Researcher at the International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, He did his PhD on the treatment of restaurant wastewater containing FOG using microalgae. Ahmad specializes in the anaerobic treatment of industrial wastewaters, especially landfill leachate. He has published his work in peer-reviewed journals, 6 book chapters, and participated and presented at about 20 international conferences. Ahmad recently published a book with IGI Publications titled “Handbook of Research on Algae as a Sustainable Solution for Food, Energy, and the Environment”. Ahmad is also working in the editing of book to be published by Springer, Nature. Ahmad received best presentation award in 4 International conferences. He received Algae Industry Incubation Consortium (AIIC), Japan grants award and My Membrane award, Malaysia in 2021. He was also the recipient of Young Scholars grant awarded by School of Post Graduate Studies, UTM. Ahmad has teaching experience of 8 years in AICTE approved Engineering Colleges in India. He is having student membership for International Society for applied Phycology, International Water Association, Northeast Algal Society, Ecological Society of America, British Phycological Society, and Northeast Algal Society. Ahmad was appointed as the secretary for the International Conference on Environmental Science and Green Technology. Funding Information: The authors would like to acknowledge the comments, ideas and years of microalgae-research experience contributed by Algal Bioseparation Research (ABR) and Bioseparation Research team including, Alice Yi Ru Ong, Lim Hooi Ren and Ng Yan Jer throughout the preparation of this manuscript. The authors would also like to acknowledge the support of the recent algae initiative in gathering peers of algae researchers by launching an Algal Biotechnology Consortium (ABC), which is a platform for algae researchers to share, communicate and outreach their algae research with the intention to create sustainable solutions and greener future. This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme , Malaysia [ FRGS/1/2019/STG05/UNIM/02/2 ] and MyPAIR-PHC-Hibiscus Grant [ MyPAIR/1/2020/STG05/UNIM/1 ]. Amit Bhatnagar acknowledges the support of Academy of Finland (grant number 347690 ). The authors would also like to thank the Editor and all the anonymous reviewers for providing their insightful comments and suggestions to improve the quality of this work. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023 The Author(s)",
year = "2023",
month = may,
doi = "10.1016/j.pecs.2023.101071",
language = "British English",
volume = "96",
journal = "Progress in Energy and Combustion Science",
issn = "0360-1285",
publisher = "Elsevier B.V.",
}
