Electrostatic solitary waves in a bi-ion plasma with two suprathermal electron populations - Application to Saturn's magnetosphere

Non-thermal particle distributions characterized by a high-energy tail are ubiquitous in space plasmas. They are usually described by a kappa distribution function, that has been shown to be an excellent fit in most real circumstances. Among other space missions, Cassini and Voyager have both recorded evidence of a coexistence of non-thermal electron populations (with different characteristics) in Saturn's magnetosphere, and subsequent studies showed that these are well-described by using different tailor-fit realizations of the (parametrized) kappa distribution. Motivated by these observations we have formulated a multifluid plasma model incorporating two types of (positive) ions and two distinct kappa-distributed electron populations, in order to study electrostatic solitary waves (ESWs) in Saturn's magnetosphere from first principles. Our analysis reveals that the spectral index (in fact, the κ parameter value related to the cold electron population mainly) is vital in explaining the difference among different types of non-linear structures. A comparison with spacecraft observations suggests that our theoretical model provides an efficient framework for the interpretation of ESW observations in Saturn's magnetosphere. Our qualitative predictions may also apply to other planetary magnetospheres, where a similar multispecies plasma composition may be present.