Efficacy of stearic acid, potato starch, and polycaprolactone in the development of pH and temperature-responsive fertilizer for eco-resilient agriculture system

This study investigates the development of a biodegradable, pH- and temperature-responsive controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) using stearic acid, potato starch, and polycaprolactone to enhance nutrient use efficiency and mitigate environmental impacts in agriculture. Conventional fertilizers contribute to significant nutrient losses through leaching and volatilization, leading to pollution and reduced efficiency. In contrast, the proposed CRF gradually releases nutrients in response to environmental stimuli, minimizing nutrient loss and improving sustainability. The study demonstrates that the CRF formulation with 8 % stearic acid and 1 % potato starch exhibits superior nutrient release control under varying temperatures and pH levels, compared to other formulations. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the structural integrity of the coated granules, while biofilm formation analysis revealed enhanced microbial activity, indicating potential benefits for soil health. The release profile of the CRF was temperature- and pH-dependent, with prolonged nutrient release observed at lower temperatures and acidic conditions. These findings highlight the potential of this eco-friendly CRF to improve crop productivity, reduce fertilizer waste, and support sustainable agricultural practices, presenting a significant advancement for eco-resilient farming systems.