@inproceedings{0d6c64b2db174e6da73ccfbd7bf3643e,
title = "Effect of gender and diabetes on major depressive disorder using heart rate asymmetry",
abstract = "In this study, we have investigated how heart rate asymmetry (HRA) changes in major depressive disorder (MDD) subjects with comorbid diabetes as well as in male and female. Depression score was determined based on PHQ-9 questionnaire and from 135 subjects 70 subjects were selected with 1000 or more RR intervals. Heart rate asymmetry is a Poincar{\'e} plot based nonlinear technique to analyze the asymmetry using RR interval time-series signal. Three commonly used HRA indices Guzik's index (GI), Porta's index (PI) and Ehlers' index (EI) were used to understand the changes in HRA in MDD. Results indicate significantly (p<0.05) different GI and EI values between 'Dep' and 'NonDep' subgroups in 'Combined' group. All three HRA indices are found significantly different in presence of depression in female subjects. These results provide better understanding about changes in HRA in MDD and HRA indices could be a plausible nonlinear HRV feature for differentiating Depression 'Dep' from NonDepression 'NonDep' group - i) without comorbid diabetes; ii) in Female subjects.",
author = "Karmakar, {Chandan K.} and Jelinek, {Herbert F.} and Paul Warner and Khandoker, {Ahsan H.} and Marimuthu Palaniswami",
note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2014 IEEE.; 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBC 2014 ; Conference date: 26-08-2014 Through 30-08-2014",
year = "2014",
month = nov,
day = "2",
doi = "10.1109/EMBC.2014.6945160",
language = "British English",
series = "2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBC 2014",
publisher = "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.",
pages = "6679--6682",
booktitle = "2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBC 2014",
address = "United States",
}