@article{88cf3ea9f40d464a968fee191615b1c4,
title = "Distinguishing features of high altitude negative leaders as observed with LOFAR",
abstract = "We present high resolution observations of negative leaders at high altitude using the LOFAR radio telescope. We show that the structure of negative leaders at high altitude (altitudes larger than 7 km) differs in several respects from that of negative leaders at lower altitudes. In particular, the High Altitude Negative Leaders (HANLs) show very distinct steps of a few hundred meters, stepping times of the order of a few milliseconds and a filamentary structure that extends outward over several hundreds of meters; as opposed to lower altitude (≲ 5 km) leaders, which have stepping times and distances around 0.01 ms and 10 m. Similar to lower altitude leaders, high altitude leaders emit copious VHF radiation from their propagating tip and have propagation velocities of the order of 105 m/s. Corona-flash like bursts can be distinguished when zooming in to meter and nanosecond scales.",
keywords = "Corona flash, Lightning, LOFAR lightning imaging, Negative leaders, Radio emission, Thunderstorms",
author = "O. Scholten and Hare, {B. M.} and J. Dwyer and N. Liu and C. Sterpka and S. Buitink and A. Corstanje and H. Falcke and T. Huege and H{\"o}randel, {J. R.} and Krampah, {G. K.} and P. Mitra and K. Mulrey and A. Nelles and H. Pandya and Rachen, {J. P.} and Trinh, {T. N.G.} and {ter Veen}, S. and S. Thoudam and T. Winchen",
note = "Funding Information: This paper is based on data obtained with the International LOFAR Telescope (ILT). LOFAR ( van Haarlem et al., 2013 ) is the Low Frequency Array designed and constructed by ASTRON. It has observing, data processing, and data storage facilities in several countries, that are owned by various parties (each with their own funding sources), and that are collectively operated by the ILT foundation under a joint scientific policy. The ILT resources have benefitted from the following recent major funding sources: CNRS-INSU, Observatoire de Paris and Universit{\'e} d'Orl{\'e}ans, France; BMBF, MIWF-NRW, MPG, Germany; Science Foundation Ireland (SFI), Department of Business, Enterprise and Innovation (DBEI), Ireland; NWO, The Netherlands; The Science and Technology Facilities Council, UK. Funding Information: The LOFAR cosmic ray key science project acknowledges funding from an Advanced Grant of the European Research Council ( FP/2007-2013 ) [ERC grant number 227610 ]; The project has also received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme [grant number 640130 ]; BMH is supported by the NWO [grant number VI.VENI.192.071 ]; AN is supported by the DFG [grant number NE 2031/2-1 ]; TW is supported by DFG [grant number 4946/1-1 ]; KM is supported by FWO [grant number FWOTM944 ]; TNGT acknowledges funding from the Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) under [Grant number 103.01-2019.378 ]; ST acknowledges funding from the Khalifa University Startup grant [project code 8474000237 ]; Funding Information: The LOFAR cosmic ray key science project acknowledges funding from an Advanced Grant of the European Research Council (FP/2007-2013) [ERC grant number 227610]; The project has also received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme [grant number 640130]; BMH is supported by the NWO [grant number VI.VENI.192.071]; AN is supported by the DFG [grant number NE 2031/2-1]; TW is supported by DFG [grant number 4946/1-1]; KM is supported by FWO [grant number FWOTM944]; TNGT acknowledges funding from the Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) under [Grant number 103.01-2019.378]; ST acknowledges funding from the Khalifa University Startup grant [project code 8474000237];, This paper is based on data obtained with the International LOFAR Telescope (ILT). LOFAR (van Haarlem et al. 2013) is the Low Frequency Array designed and constructed by ASTRON. It has observing, data processing, and data storage facilities in several countries, that are owned by various parties (each with their own funding sources), and that are collectively operated by the ILT foundation under a joint scientific policy. The ILT resources have benefitted from the following recent major funding sources: CNRS-INSU, Observatoire de Paris and Universit? d'Orl?ans, France; BMBF, MIWF-NRW, MPG, Germany; Science Foundation Ireland (SFI), Department of Business, Enterprise and Innovation (DBEI), Ireland; NWO, The Netherlands; The Science and Technology Facilities Council, UK. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 The Authors",
year = "2021",
month = oct,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105688",
language = "British English",
volume = "260",
journal = "Atmospheric Research",
issn = "0169-8095",
publisher = "Elsevier B.V.",
}