@article{a0c81706da8b471a97336834aa3779e4,
title = "Design, photophysical properties, and applications of fluorene-based fluorophores in two-photon fluorescence bioimaging: A review",
abstract = "Two-photon fluorescence microscopy (2PFM) emerged as a powerful alternative to conventional one-photon microscopy. 2PFM typically uses two near-infrared (NIR) photons to excite fluorescent dyes, which minimizes light scattering in biological samples. Multiphoton absorption also suppresses background signal and autofluorescence from tissues and allows to achieve higher 3D resolution images with low photodamage and photobleaching. Fluorene dyes possess distinct properties that meet the strict criteria of probes used for 2PFM such as enhanced solubility, photostability, and two-photon absorption cross-section. The fluorene molecule also includes many active positions that allow versatile synthesis, selective functionalization, bioconjugation, and tuning solubility. These properties have led to reporting several fluorene probes including monomers, polymers, and dendrimers with important uses in understanding molecular dynamics and bioimaging. The current review presents a compact summary of fluorene-based fluorophores for 2PFM bioimaging applications, shedding light on structure-photophysical property relationships in fluorenes and polyaromatic probe designs.",
keywords = "Bioimaging, Fluorene, Fluorescence, Microscopy, Two-photon absorption",
author = "Janah Shaya and Corridon, {Peter R.} and Basem Al-Omari and Abdulrahman Aoudi and Abeer Shunnar and Mohideen, {Mohamed Infas Haja} and Ahsanulhaq Qurashi and Michel, {Beno{\^i}t Y.} and Alain Burger",
note = "Funding Information: Ahsanulhaq Qurashi is associate professor in department of Chemistry at Khalifa University. He received his PhD in 2008 from Chonbuk national University, South Korea, and completed post doctorate fellowship from Toyama University, Japan (2008–2010). He joined as faculty in KFUPM in 2010–2019. His research is focused on the development of advanced functional organic and inorganic nanomaterials for biosensors, chemical sensor and clean energy applications. He is editor of book “Metal Chalcogenide Nanostructures for Renewable Energy Applications”, and editorial board member of Scientific Report, and MRB. He has published more than 110 papers in internationally reputed peer review (ISI) journals and presented over 55 papers in various international conferences. Funding Information: We acknowledge the {"} College of Medicine and Science at Khalifa University – United Arab Emirates{"} for its financial support for open access. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 The Authors",
year = "2022",
month = sep,
doi = "10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2022.100529",
language = "British English",
volume = "52",
journal = "Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews",
issn = "1389-5567",
publisher = "Elsevier B.V.",
}