Design and Operation of a Supply Chain Model for Electric and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Snapshot Model

This paper presents a mixed integer linear programming model for the simultaneous design of the required charging stations frame to power a fleet of electric vehicles in a given geographical region, and the electricity infrastructure needed to meet the demand of all economic sectors in the region including the charging stations. A case study illustrating the required electricity and charging stations infrastructure for the year 2022 in the two most populous southern states of Germany: Baden-Wurttemberg and Bavaria is analysed. The optimization results show that the overall installed capacity must be boosted to reach the desired renewable generation levels given its low average capacity factor, while gas and coal-based power will maintain playing an important role as reliable baseload providers. Moreover, the average marginal electricity supply costs at charging stations was found to be approximately US$ 0.243/kWh (no levies included).