Critical Roles of Nanoparticles in the Development of Perovskite Solar Cells: A Review

Nanoparticle (NP)-sized materials offer unique effects compared to their bulk counterparts and are widely utilized in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), contributing to a high-power conversion efficiency of approximately 27%. To improve further and achieve commercialization, issues related to PSCs, including limited absorption, lower stability compared to silicon solar cells, and optimization of morphology, must be addressed simultaneously. NP-based materials offer a solution to these problems. However, there are various types of NP, some of which are underutilized, and their roles are not well-understood. In this review, various types of NPs and their roles in the development of state-of-the-art PSCs are analyzed. In addition, a discussion and outlook on NP-based materials for future development of PSCs are carried out.