Comparative analysis of SDGs implementation: Testing a novel assessment framework approach

This study presents a first attempt of a comparative analysis of the sustainable SDGs implementation status and systems' structure. For this purpose, a novel analytical framework approach was tested by coupling a SWOT analysis with a multi-attribute decision making (MADM) process involving a performance assessment based on selected quantitative and qualitative criteria and countries' self-assessment of SDGs achievement reflected in Voluntary National Reviews (VNRs). This performance assessment was conducted based on internal (administrative, legal, and procedural structures) and external factors (Voluntary National Reviews, external players, and funding levels). Countries are then positioned in a quadrant system based on their scores in these factors, revealing their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in SDGs implementation. The framework was tested at a regional level with the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region as a test bed involving twenty adjacent countries. The findings showed the effectiveness of the tested framework approach revealing the heterogeneity of the SDGs implementation level in the region, characterized by varying strengths and weaknesses with challenges related to several internal and external factors. Most notably, the perception that high income is the determinant of successful SDGs implementation is not necessarily accurate as demonstrated otherwise in the tested framework approach. High-income countries may achieve a position of strength and opportunity but can face setbacks due to other influencing factors such as internal governance or external geopolitical challenges. Conversely, low-income countries are not necessarily condemned to a position of weakness and threats with some high and middle-income countries also facing similar challenges. In closure, we highlight measures that can improve the development of the SDGs implementation system at the country level.