Cobalt Ferrite@Barium titanate core-shell nanoparticles empowered triboelectric electromagnetic coupled nanogenerator for self-powered electronics

In pursuing sustainable energy solutions for wearable technology and Internet of Things (IoT) devices, achieving high power in self-powered electronics is a significant challenge. This study introduces a novel hybrid nanogenerator by integrating a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and an electromagnetic generator (EMG) to achieve both high voltage and high current outputs simultaneously. The cobalt ferrite barium titanate (CoFe₂O₄@ BaTiO₃) core–shell nanoparticles (NPs) were chosen for their unique ability to enhance the system's performance by combining triboelectric, piezoelectric, and electromagnetic properties. The BaTiO₃ shell exhibited robust triboelectric and piezoelectric properties essential for TENG operation, while the CoFe₂O₄ core, influenced by the EMG's magnetic field, induces additional static charges, significantly boosting overall energy conversion efficiency. The TENG and EMG in the combined system operate together in a contact-separation mode, where their in-phase output signals are seamlessly combined via a double bridge rectifier, resulting in a robust power output of 37.7 mW and a power density of 1.86 mW/cm², with cycling stability of over 10,000 cycles. The uniquely designed TENG-EMG combined nanogenerator (C-TENG) exhibited striking adaptability, effectively operating across different low-to-high frequencies and load situations while constantly powering portable electronic devices. This innovative approach meets the high energy demands of modern self-powered electronics with exceptional efficiency, durability, and high-power density, positioning it as a versatile solution for wearable biomechanical energy harvesting.