Blockchain, IoT, and AI-based framework for traceability in carbon capture utilization storage (CCUS) supply chain

Carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) is an effective technique for capturing, storing, and utilizing CO2 from the atmosphere leading to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Transparency and traceability of carbon removal from the environment are key requirements for sound system design and implementation. Currently, CCUS systems and techniques lack in maintaining transparency and traceability in supply chain processes, including the quantification of CO2 removal from the environment, and they also fall short in recommending effective accounting of carbon capture, storage, and utilization. In this paper, we propose a framework that integrates blockchain, the Internet of Things (IoT), and Artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance transparency and CCUS accounting in the supply chain. The framework uses blockchain to create an immutable and decentralized ledger for recording CCUS-related transactions and data. IoT sensors deployed at various stages facilitate the real-Time collection of data concerning carbon capture, transportation, and storage, as well as environmental conditions. AI algorithms can analyze the sensor data, perform carbon capture accounting, and provide insights for optimizing CCUS supply chain operations. The integration of these technologies ensures that all stakeholders have the access to reliable and tamper-proof information about the CCUS process. The proposed framework has the potential to address the challenges of transparency and traceability in CCUS, thereby increasing trust in the technology and promoting its wider adoption. We make our smart contract publicly available on GitHub for verification.