Bismuth molybdate incorporates functionalized carbon nanofiber for the sensitive electrochemical determination of sulfonamide-based antibiotics in foods and environmental samples

Sulfamethazine (SMZ), a sulfonamide antibiotic, is widely used in poultry for growth and disease control due to its affordability and effectiveness. However, improper use can contaminate food and the environment, exposing ecosystems and human health. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations make toxic to living organisms and potentially fatal. Therefore, to detect the residue of SMZ, we designed Bismuth molybdenum oxide (Bi₂MoO₆) and made a composite with functionalized carbon nanofiber (f-CNF) as Bi₂MoO₆/f-CNF for enhanced electron transfer efficacy as the physical and electrochemical performance of the Bi₂MoO₆/f-CNF were examined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and different pulse voltammetry (DPV) analysis. The electro-catalytic behavior of the Bi₂MoO₆/f-CNF towards the SMZ was attained with a noticeable anodic peak current signal in CV also the Bi₂MoO₆/f-CNF composite sensitivity 1.2797 µA µM⁻¹ cm⁻² accompanied by less low detection limit (LOD) value of 0.133 µM was examined by DPV is along through a remarkable linear range 0.05–195.05 µM. The real-samples such as chicken, milk, and wastewater were also scrutinized by DPV the obtained result demonstrates the synthesized composite Bi₂MoO6/f-CNF exhibits outstanding electrocatalyst performance towards SMZ determination with maximum recovery ranges achieved in the real-time study.