Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita

Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita is diagnosed when two or more joints in more than one limb are fixed from birth. A joint becomes fixed in a given position because of unevenly impaired motility. Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) may be caused by neurological and non-neurological causes. Neurological causes of AMC include: trisomy 13 and 18, Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, Zellweger syndrome, Walker-Warburg syndrome, Marden-Walker syndrome, spinal cord injury, amyoplasia congenita, infantile spinal muscular atrophy, infantile neuronal degeneration, focal infantile spinal muscular atrophy, Moebious syndrome, congenital hypomyelinating neuropathy, transient congenital myasthenia gravis, infant of mother with multiple sclerosis, congenital myotonic dystrophy, congenital muscular dystrophy myotubular myopathy, and craniocarpotarsal dysplasia. Non-neurological causes of AMC are cartilaginous abnormalities and physical constraint to movement. Neonates with non-neurological causes of AMC usually have signs of oligohydramnios sequence, crumple ears, thin or hyperextensible skin, or pterygium. Neonates with AMC due to cartilaginous abnormalities usually have one of the following syndromes: Beal syndrome, Antley-Bixer syndrome or a condition referred to as distal arthrogryposis.