Application of nanotechnology in the agricultural and food processing industries: A review

The world faces the latest challenges, such as an increasing population, climate change, declining soil quality, and food security, demanding innovative solutions for producing high-quality, larger-scale food products. One such solution is the integration of nanotechnology into agriculture. Recently, nanotechnology has been introduced in agricultural engineering, where nanomaterials are used to develop various technologies for sustainable agriculture applications. Nanotechnology catalyzes sustainable agriculture by infusing the agricultural landscape with efficiency, accuracy, eco-friendliness, and environmental stewardship. Nanotechnologies have infiltrated from the early germination of seeds to the final stages of food processing, encompassing upstream and downstream activities. At the seed level, nanoscale coatings enhance viability, disease resistance, nutrient uptake, the germination stage, and seed quality. Nanosensors and nanobiosensors monitor and manage crop health, water usage, and soil quality. As crops mature, nano-enabled delivery systems precisely apply fertilizers, pesticides, and growth regulators, minimizing waste and maximizing efficacy. Additionally, nanotechnology aids in food processing, improving food preservation, smart packaging, and quality control, reducing post-harvest losses and extending shelf life. It optimizes resource utilization, improves crop resilience, and reduces waste, offering a sustainable path to feed the growing global population—however, the analysis and integration of nanotechnology in agriculture open avenues for innovation and future advancements. Environmental issues, cost-effectiveness, soil health, and health risks associated with nanomaterials in agricultural practices are the main challenges that must be addressed. This review focuses on nanotechnology's potential to revolutionize agriculture by enhancing crop yield, quality, cost-effectiveness, soil health, and environmental sustainability. Embracing nanotechnology ensures food security and environmental stewardship for future generations, making it a crucial tool in addressing global agricultural challenges.