A coordinated model predictive control of grid-connected energy storage systems

The environmental goals set out in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change lead to the design and the definition of energy management strategies based on renewable energy sources (RESs). In this regard, the integration of energy storage systems (ESSs) into the microgrid requires the development of sophisticated control systems for their management and the reduction of their degradation. Moreover, external agents, e.g., battery/fuel cell electric vehicles, exchange energy with microgrids using electric and hydrogen markets. This paper presents a novel energy management strategy to control a microgrid which includes RESs paired with a battery-ESS and a hydrogenESS, and consumer loads. The strategy, based on the model predictive control (MPC) framework, takes into account ESSs' economical and operating costs, degradation issues, and physical and dynamical system constraints. Numerical simulations show the effectiveness of the strategy, which successfully manages the plant by fulfilling constraints and energy requests while reducing device costs and increasing battery life.