2D Materials: Synthesis, properties, and energy-related applications

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have redefined possibilities in nanotechnology, offering unprecedented opportunities for revolutionizing energy systems. This review explores a broad spectrum of 2D materials, including graphene, MXenes, black phosphorus, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), and silicene, emphasizing their unique features and transformative potential in energy storage, conversion, and management applications. These materials stand out due to their ultrathin structure, exceptional electrical conductivity, adjustable surface properties, and high mechanical stability. Their integration into technologies such as batteries, supercapacitors, solar cells, and thermoelectric devices is critically analyzed. The review also addresses challenges, including toxicity, scalability, and environmental stability, proposing innovative synthesis methods and strategies for large-scale, cost-effective production. By bridging the gap between material properties and practical applications, the review highlights the key roles of 2D materials in driving sustainable, efficient, and advanced energy solutions while mapping future research directions to overcome existing limitations.